Simplifying Eq. 2:

C           X (Q j n+1 - Q j n )  +  (1 - X) (Q j+1n+1 - Q j+1 n )   +   ____ [ (Q j+1 n - Q j n )  +  (Q j+1n+1 - Q j n+1 ) ] =  0                                                                                       2

(3)

in which C = Courant number, defined as follows:

Δt       C =  c  ______                Δx

(4)

The solution of Eq. 3 is postulated in the following exponential form (O'Brien et al., 1950; Cunge, 1969):

Q = Q* e i (σx - βt )

(5)

in which σ = (2π / L) is the wavenumber, L is the wave length, and β = (2 π / T ) is the wave period (Ponce and Simons, 1977).

Replacing Eq. 5 into the various components of Eq. 3:

Q j n = Q* e i [σj Δx - βn Δt ]

(6)

Q j+1n = Q* e i [σ (j + 1) Δx - βn Δt ]

(7)

Q j n+1 = Q* e i [σj Δx - β(n + 1) Δt ]

(8)

Q j+1n+1 = Q* e i [σj Δx - βn Δt ]

(9)

Equations 6 to 9 can be respectively expressed as follows:

e i σj Δx       Qj n =  Q* ___________                     e i βn Δt

(10)

e i σj Δx e i σΔx      Qj+1n =  Q* _________________                           e i βn Δt

(11)

e i σj Δx       Qj n+1 =  Q* _________________                        e i βn Δt e i βΔt

(12)

e i σj Δx e i σ Δx      Qj+1n+1 =  Q* ___________________                             e i βn Δt e i βΔt

(13)

The first term of Eq. 3 is:

e iσj Δx                    e iσj Δx X (Q j n+1 - Q j n ) =  Q* X [ _________________   -   ___________ ]                                               e iβn Δt e iβΔt               e iβnΔt

(14a)

e iσj Δx - e iσj Δx e iβΔt X (Q j n+1 - Q j n ) =  Q* X [ __________________________ ]                                                      e iβn Δt e iβΔt

(14b)

The second term of Eq. 3 is:

e iσj Δx e iσΔx               e iσj Δx e iσΔx (1-X ) (Q j+1 n+1 - Q j+1 n ) =  Q* (1 - X) [ __________________   -   _________________ ]                                                                     e iβn Δt e iβΔt                    e iβnΔt

(15a)

e iσj Δx e iσΔx - e iβΔt e iσj Δx e iσΔx (1-X ) (Q j+1 n+1 - Q j+1 n ) =  Q* (1 - X) [ ________________________________________ ]                                                                                      e iβn Δt e iβΔt

(15b)

The third term of Eq. 3 is:

(C / 2 ) (Q j+1n+1 - Q j n+1  +  Q j+1n - Qj n ) =

C  Q*        e iσj Δx e iσΔx - e iσjΔx + e iβΔt e iσj Δx e iσΔx - e iβΔt e iσj Δx ________ [ ___________________________________________________________ ]      2                                             e iβn Δt e iβΔt

(16)

Substituting Eqs. 14b, 15b, and 16 into Eq. 3, dividing by Q_* e ^{iσj Δx}, and eliminating the common denominator, leads to:

2X (1- e iβΔt ) + 2(1- X )(e iσΔx - e iσΔx e iβΔt ) + C (e iσΔx - 1 + e iβΔt e iσΔx - e iβΔt ) = 0

(17a)

e iβΔt [ -2X - 2(1-X ) e iσΔx + C e iσΔx - C ] + 2X + 2(1-X ) e iσΔx + C e iσΔx - C = 0

(17b)

e iβΔt [ 2X + 2(1-X )e iσΔx - C e iσΔx + C ] = 2X + 2(1-X ) e iσΔx + C e iσΔx - C

(17c)

2[X + (1-X ) e iσΔx] + C [e iσΔx - 1] e iβΔt =     ____________________________________                      2[X + (1-X ) e iσΔx] - C [e iσΔx - 1]

(17d)

Rearranging Eq. 17d and taking the reciprocal value of the left-hand side:

2[(1-X) e iσΔx + X] - C [e iσΔx - 1] e -iβΔt =    ____________________________________                      2[(1-X) e iσΔx + X] + C [e iσΔx - 1]

(18)

A trigonometric identity is (Spiegel, 1971):

e iσΔx = p + iq

(19)

in which p = cos(σΔx) and q = sin(σΔx).

The spatial resolution is L /Δx. The quantity σΔx = (2π / L) Δx = 2π / (L/Δx) is the number of grid points per wavelength. Substituting Eq. 19 into Eq. 18:

2[(1-X)(p + iq) + X] - C [p + iq - 1] e -iβΔt =    _____________________________________                      2[(1-X)(p + iq) + X] + C [p + iq - 1]

(20a)

{p [(1-X) - C/2] + X + C/2} + iq [(1-X) - C/2] e -iβΔt =    ______________________________________________                      {p [(1-X) + C/2] + X - C/2} + iq [(1-X) + C/2]

(20b)

Defining for the sake of simplicity:

R = X + (C/2)

(21)

S = R - C = X - (C/2)

(22)

Substituting Eqs. 21 and 22 into Eq. 20b:

[p (1 - R) + R ] + iq (1 - R ) e -iβΔt =      ______________________________                        [p (1 - S) + S ] + iq (1 - S )

(23)

Multiplying the right-hand side of Eq. 23 by the conjugate of the denominator:

[p (1 - R) + R ] + iq (1 - R )              [p (1 - S) + S ] - iq (1 - S ) e -iβΔt =      ______________________________  •  ______________________________                       [p (1 - S) + S ] + iq (1 - S )              [p (1 - S) + S ] - iq (1 - S )

(24)

{[p(1-R) + R ] [p(1-S) + S ] + q 2(1-R) (1-S)}  +  iq {(1-R) [p(1-S) + S ] - (1-S) [p(1-R) + R ]} e -iβΔt =    ____________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                  [ p (1-S ) + S ] 2 + [ q (1-S )] 2

(25)

Now examine the components of Eq. 25. First consider the real part [RPN] of the numerator of the right-hand side of Eq. 25:

[RPN] = [p (1-R) + R ] [p (1-S) + S ] + q 2(1-R ) (1-S )

(26)

Operating on Eq. 26, and after some algebraic manipulation:

[RPN] = 1 - (1-p) [R + S - 2RS]

(27)

Given that S = R - C, it follows that R = S + C. Thus, in Eq. 27:

[RPN] = 1  -  [ 2(1 - p)(1 - S)S ]  -  [ (1-p)(1 - 2S)C ]

(28)

Consider the imaginary part [IPN] of the numerator of Eq. 25:

[IPN] = q {(1-R ) [p (1-S ) + S ] - (1-S )[p (1-R ) + R ]}

(29)

Operating on Eq. 29, and after some algebraic manipulation:

[IPN] = q (S - R)

(30)

Replacing R = S + C from Eq. 22 results in:

[IPN] = - Cq

(31)

Consider the denominator [DN] of Eq. 25:

[DN] = [p (1-S ) + S ]2 + [q(1-S )]2

(32)

After some algebraic manipulation:

[DN] = 1 - 2 (1 - p)(1 - S) S

(33)

Defining for the sake of simplicity:

P = 1 - 2 (1 - p)(1 - S) S

(34)

M = (1-p)(1 - 2S)C

(35)

N = - Cq

(36)

Therefore, Eq. 25 can be written as follows:

P - M - iN       e -iβΔt =   ______________                           P

(37a)

which may be expressed as follows:

P - M              N       e -iβΔt =  _________  - i  ______                      P                 P

(37b)

In the left-hand side of Eq. 37b, separating β into its real and imaginary parts:

e -iβΔt = e -i (βR + i βI) Δt = e -i βR Δt e βI Δt

(38a)

e -iβΔt = e βI Δt e -i βR Δt = a eiφ

(38b)

in which a = e ^{β_I Δt}, and e^iφ = e ^{i (-β_R Δt)}

In the right-hand side of Eq. 38a, taking the natural logarithm:

ln (e -i βR Δt e βI Δt) = ln e βI Δt - i βR Δt

(39)

Equation 37b can be expressed in the form z = x + iy, in which:

z = e -iβΔt = a eiφ

(40)

P - M                  x =   ________                P

(41)

N       y =   _______             P

(42)

The solution of Eq. 40 is (Spiegel, 1971):

ln(a eiφ) = ln (x2 + y2)1/2 + i tan-1(y / x)

(43)

Substituting Eqs. 38b, 41 and 42 into Eq. 43:

{(P - M)2 + N 2}1/2                          N       ln e βI Δt - i βR Δt =   ln [ ____________________ ]   - i tan-1( _________ )                                                       P                                     P - M

(44)

Separating Eq. 44 into its real and imaginary components:

[(P - M)2 + N 2]1/2       e βI Δt =   ____________________                                 P

(45)

N       tan (βR Δt) =   _________                          P - M

(46)

Since Eq. 1 does not allow for wave damping (e^δ = 1, where δ = logarithmic decrement (Ponce and Simons, 1977), it is concluded that Eq. 45 is a measure of the numerical damping (- sign) or amplification (+ sign) of the numerical solution of Eq. 3 after a time increment Δt.

4.  CONVERGENCE RATIOS

Following Ponce et al. (1979), a convergence ratio with regard to wave amplitude is:

R1 = e βI Δt

(47)

Therefore:

[(P - M)2 + N 2]1/2       R1 =   ____________________                           P

(48)

The celerity of the numerical solution is:

βR        cn =   ______               σ

(49)

Using Eqs. 46 and 49, a convergence ratio with regard to wave phase is defined as follows:

cn             1                        N R2 =   _____ =   ________ tan-1 ( _________ )              c           σ c Δt                P - M

(50)

in which c_n is the wave celerity of the numerical solution, c is the kinematic wave celerity (in Eq. 1), and σ is the wavenumber.

From Eq. 4: C Δx = c Δ t. Therefore:

1                       N R2 =  _________ tan-1 ( ________ )            C σΔx                P - M

(51)

In summary, given only:

1. Weighting factor X,

2. Spatial resolution L/Δx, from which: σΔx = (2π /L) Δx = 2 π / (L /Δx), and

3. Courant number C,

Equations 48 and 51 enable the calculation of the Muskingum-Cunge amplitude and phase convergence ratios, respectively.

The calculation of the convergence ratios is accomplished using the calculator Online Muskingum-Cunge Convergence Ratios.

5.  AMPLITUDE AND PHASE PORTRAITS

The plotting of convergence ratios R₁ and R₂ as a function of Courant number C and spatial resolution L/Δx leads to a set of amplitude and phase portraits, a pair for each value of weighting factor X.

Figures 2 to 8 show the amplitude and phase portraits of the Muskingum-Cunge method (Eq. 3), for Courant numbers varying in the range 0.1 ≤ C ≤ 4.0, spatial resolution 20 ≤ L/Δx ≤ 100, at intervals of L/Δx = 20, and weighting factor 0.0 ≤ X ≤ 0.6, at intervals of X = 0.1 (7 × 2 = 14 graphs).

6.  ANALYSIS

The examination of Figs. 2 to 8 leads to the following conclusions:

1. Perfect convergence is achieved for X = 0.5 and Courant number C = 1.

2. Convergence in both amplitude and phase improves with an increase in spatial resolution (L/Δx).

3. Convergence in both amplitude and phase degrades with an increase in Courant number C, particularly for C > 1.

4. Convergence in amplitude improves with an increase in X in the range 0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5.

5. Convergence in phase improves slightly with an increase in X in the range 0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5.

6. At low spatial resolutions [refer to red curves in Figs. 2 (b) to 8 (b)], convergence in phase degrades significantly with Courant numbers in the range C < 1, leading to instability.

7. For X > 0.5, the amplitude convergence ratio R₁ becomes positive (amplification), and convergence and stability degrade accordingly.

We conclude that the Muskingum-Cunge model is a good representation of the physical prototype, provided:

1. The spatial resolution is sufficiently high.

2. The Courant number is close to 1.

3. The weighting factor is high enough, in the range 0.0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5.

Based on the analysis accomplished herein, the recommended parameter values are: (a) spatial resolution L/Δx ≥ 100; (b) Courant number C ≅ 1; and (c) weighting factor 0.3 ≤ X ≤ 0.5.

7.  PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In practical applications, the convergence of the Muskingum-Cunge method depends on the values of Courant and cell Reynolds numbers, which in turn, depend on the hydraulics of the flow and the grid size (Δx and Δt) (Ponce, 2014). A set of amplitude and phase convergence ratios may be calculated in terms of hydraulic and hydrologic variables.

To this end, define the time-of-rise t_r of the flood wave as the time it takes for the flood wave to reach the peak flow. Assuming a sinusoidal perturbation as a first approximation, the time base, or wave period T is:

T =  2 tr

(52)

The wave celerity c is:

c =  β u

(53)

in which u is the mean flow velocity.

In turbulent open-channel flow, the value of β varies from β = 5/3 for a hydraulically wide channel, down to β = 1 for an inherently stable channel (Ponce and Porras, 1995; Ponce, 2014).

The wavelength L of the perturbation is:

L =  c T

(54)

The unit-width discharge q is:

q =  u d

(55)

in which d is the mean flow depth. The spatial resolution is L/Δx.

The Courant number (Eq. 4), repeated here with a new number, is:

Δt       C =  c  ______                Δx

(56)

The cell Reynolds number is defined as follows ((Ponce, 2014):

q       D =   ___________              So c Δx

(57)

By definition, the Muskingum-Cunge weighting factor X is:

1           X =  ____  (1 - D)           2

(58)

For a given case, Eqs. 52 to 58, together with Eqs. 48 and 51, enable the calculation of the practical convergence ratios of the Muskingum-Cunge method, based on actual flow data, i.e., on the hydraulics of the flow.

The calculation of the Muskingum-Cunge practical convergence ratios may be accomplished using the calculator Online Muskingum-Cunge Convergence Ratios Practical.

For example, assume the following data set: (1) mean velocity u = 1.75 m/s; (2) mean flow depth d = 2.3 m; (3) mean channel slope S = 0.0013; rating exponent β = 1.6, (5) flood wave time-of-rise t_r = 24 hr; (6) reach length Δx = 4,800 m, and (7) time interval Δt = 0.5 hr. The application of Online Muskingum-Cunge Convergence Ratios Practical leads to: R₁ = 0.99953; R₂ = 0.999915. In this case, the spatial resolution is L/Δx = 100.8; the Courant number is C = 1.05; and the weighting factor is X = 0.385. All three parameters lie within the recommended ranges for adequate convergence.

8.  CONCLUSIONS

A comprehensive review of the Muskingum-Cunge method's amplitude and phase portraits is accomplished.

Expressions for the amplitude convergence ratio R₁ and phase convergence ratio R₂ are developed as a function of: (a) spatial resolution L/Δx; (b) Courant number C; and (c) weighting factor X.

An online calculator Online Muskingum-Cunge Convergence Ratios is developed and tested using a realistic data set.

In practical applications, the convergence ratios may be expressed alternatively in terms of relevant hydraulic variables (mean velocity, flow depth, channel slope, rating exponent, and flood wave time-of-rise). For this case, an online calculator Online Muskingum-Cunge Convergence Ratios Practical is also developed and tested.

REFERENCES

Chow, V. T. 1959. Open-channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Cunge, J. A.. 1969. On the subject of a flood propagation computation method (Muskingum method). Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, 205-230.

Hayami, S. 1951. On the propagation of flood waves. Bulletin No. 1, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, December.

Koussis, A. 1978. Theoretical estimation of flood routing parameters. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. HY1, Proc. Paper 13456, January, 109-115.

Leendertse, J. J. 1967. Aspects of a computational model for long-period water wave propagation. Report RM-5294-PR, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California, May.

McCarthy, G. T. 1938. The unit hydrograph and flood routing. Unpublished manuscript, presented at a conference of the North Atlantic Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 24, 1938.

Natural Environment Research Council. 1975. Flood Studies Report, Vol. III: Flood Routing Studies, London, England.

O'Brien, G. G., M. A. Hyman, and S. Kaplan. 1950. A study of the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Journal of Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 29, No. 4, 223-251.

Ponce, V. M., and D. B. Simons. 1977. Shallow wave propagation in open channel flow. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. HY12, December, 1461-1476.

Ponce, V. M., and V. Yevjevich. 1978. Muskingum-Cunge method with variable parameters. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. HY12, December, 1663-1667.

Ponce, V. M., Y. H. Chen, and D. B. Simons. 1979. Unconditional stability in convection computations. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. HY9, September, 1079-1086.

Ponce, V. M. 1986. Diffusion wave modeling of catchment dynamics. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 8, August, 716-727.

Ponce, V. M., and P. J. Porras. 1995. Effect of cross-sectional shape on free-surface instability. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 4, April, 376-380.

Ponce, V. M. 2014. Fundamentals of open-channel hydraulics. Online text.

Spiegel, M. R. 1971. Advanced mathematics for engineers and scientists. Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York.