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Fig. 1   Proposed damsite at La Calzada.

LA LECHE RIVER FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT

LAMBAYEQUE, PERU

TASK 5:   ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

PART 4:   SECTION 5

July 24, 2009

Dr. Victor M. Ponce

Environmental Consultant

5.   BIOLOGICAL SETTING

The biological setting comprises a description of the ecosystems, flora and fauna, habitats, migration, natural reserve areas, swamp and wetland areas, and endangered species.

5.1   Ecosystems

The ecosystems in the project area and vicinity can be divided into three groups:

  1. Floodplain ecosystems,

  2. Semideciduous hilly ecosystems, and

  3. Relict montane forest ecosystems.

The floodplain ecosystems are represented in the lower to middle reaches of the La Leche river valley, from the Pomac Forest [Bosque de Pomac], moving upstream to the Calicantro valley [Rinconada Calicantro], extending south as far as Matriz Comunidad, and northeast up to Motupillo (Fig. 22). This ecosystem is represented by the following woody species:

  • carob tree (Prosopis pallida),

  • South American Sapote (Capparis scabrida),

  • acacia, or porknut (Acacia macracantha),

  • Jamaican cherry, or strawberry tree (Muntingia calabura),

  • Mexican palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata),

  • weeping willow (Salix xsepulcralis),

  • yellow cordia (Cordia lutea),

  • caper bush (Capparis ovalifolia),

  • pearlberry (Vallesia glabra),

  • inga excelsa (Pithecellobium excelsum),

  • caña brava (Ginerium sagittatum), and

  • chope (Gustavia iquitosensis).
In Calicantro, a few specimens of palo blanco (Calycophyllum multiflorum) remain.

Fig. 22   Floodplain ecosystem of the Pomac Forest, with La Leche river in the foreground.

The representative fauna of the floodplain ecosystems are the following:

  • 1. Birds, such as (Figs. 23, 24 and 25)

    • pale-legged hornero (Furnarius leucopus),

    • long-tailed mockingbird (Mimus longicaudatus),

    • Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma raimondii),

    • Tumbes swallow (Tachycineta stolzmanni),

    • Tumbes tyrant (Tumbezia salvini),

    • Rufous flycatcher (Myiarchus semirufus),

    • Peruvian meadowlark (Sturnella bellicosa),

    • Peruvian thick-knee (Burhinus superciliaris),

    • Lafresnaye's piculet (Picumnus lafresnayi),

    • Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus),

    • Black-faced ibis (Theristicus melanopis),

    • rock pigeon (Columba livia), and

    • gray heron (Ardea cinerea).

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 23   (a) pale-legged hornero (Furnarius leucopus), (b) long-tailed mockingbird (Mimus longicaudatus),
(c) Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma raimondii), and (d) Tumbes tyrant (Tumbezia salvini),
(Sources: Google and Wikipedia).

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 24   (a) rufous flycatcher (Myiarchus semirufus), (b) Peruvian meadowlark (Sturnella bellicosa),
(c) Peruvian thick-knee (Burhinus superciliaris), and (d) Lafresnaye's piculet (Picumnus lafresnayi),
(Sources: Google and Wikipedia).

(a)
(b)
Fig. 25   (a) Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) and (b) black-faced ibis (Theristicus melanopis)
(Sources: Google and Wikipedia).

  • 2. Reptiles, such as (Fig. 26)

    • Coral snake (Micrurus tschudii),

    • Iguana lizard (Iguana iguana), and

    • Leopard lizard (Callopistes flavipunctatus).

(a)
(b)
Fig. 26   (a) coralillo (Micrurus tschudii), and (b) pacaso (Callopistes flavipunctatus) (Source: Google).

  • 3. Mammals, such as (Fig. 27)

    • squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis),

    • Peruvian desert fox (Pseudalopex sechurae),

    • Northern anteater (Tamandua mexicana),

    • white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),

    • Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus colocolo),

    • cougar, or mountain lion (Puma concolor), and

    • spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 27   (a) Peruvian desert fox (Pseudalopex sechurae), (b) white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),
(c) Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus colocolo), and (d) spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)
(Sources: Google and Wikipedia).

The semideciduous hilly ecosystems are represented in the upper reaches of the La Leche river valley, from Rinconada Calicantro to El Higueron, in the vicinity of Puente Caído, near the confluence of the Moyán and Sangana rivers [to form the La Leche river]. It includes the hills of Motupillo, La Traposa, Calaboso, and La "U" on the left margin, and Calicantro, Huaca Rajada, La Calera, and Negrahuasi on the right margin (Fig. 28).

This ecosystem is represented by the following woody species:

  • South American Sapote (Capparis scabrida),

  • carob tree (Prosopis pallida),

  • Peruvian cactus (Neoraimondia arequipensis),

  • melon cactus (Melocactus peruvianus) (Fig. 29),

  • pearlberry (Vallesia glabra),

  • caper bush (Capparis ovalifolia), and

  • yellow cordia (Cordia lutea).

Fig. 28   Semideciduous hilly ecosystem in the upper reaches of the La Leche river valley.


Fig. 29   Peruvian melon cactus (Melocactus peruvianus).

The representative fauna of the semideciduous hilly ecosystems are the following:

  1. Birds, such as

    • pale-legged hornero (Furnarius leucopus),

    • long-tailed mockingbird (Mimus longicaudatus),

    • Peruvian meadowlark (Sturnella bellicosa),

    • Lafresnaye's piculet (Picumnus lafresnayi),

    • rock pigeon (Columba livia), and

    • gray heron (Ardea cinerea).

  2. Reptiles, such as the coral snake (Micrurus tschudii), and

  3. Mammals, such as (Fig. 30)

    • squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis),

    • Peruvian desert fox (Pseudalopex sechurae),

    • white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),

    • Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus colocolo),

    • cougar, or mountain lion (Puma concolor), and

    • collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu).

(a)
(b)
Fig. 30   (a) mountain lion (Puma concolor), and (b) collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu)
(Source: Wikipedia).

The relict montane forest ecosystems are represented from El Higuerón towards Moyán in the Moyán watershed, and towards Tocmoche in the Sangana watershed. It includes the hills of Lajas, Lajas de Tongón, Reloj, Naranjos, Machete, and Nuevo Mundo in the Moyán watershed; and Lajas de Tongón, Pampa de la Mula, Zapallar, Cruz Verde and Gallo in the Sangana watershed (Fig. 31).

This ecosystem is represented by the following woody species:

  • horse-eye bean, ormosia (Ormosia coccinea),

  • guayacan (Guaiacum officinale),

  • ficus tree (Ficus citrifolia),

  • Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans),

  • Peruvian cactus (Neoraimondia arequipensis),

  • melon cactus (Melocactus peruvianus),

  • strawberry pear (Hylocereus undatus),

  • lipstick tree (Bixa Orellana),

  • balsa tree (Ochroma pyramidale), and

  • Andean walnut (Juglans neotropica).

Fig. 31   Relict montane ecosystem in the lower reaches of the Moyán watershed.

The representative fauna of the relict montane forest ecosystems are the following:

  1. Birds, such as

    • white-winged guan (Penelope albipennis) (Fig. 32),

    • pale-legged hornero (Furnarius leucopus),

    • Peruvian meadowlark (Sturnella bellicosa),

    • Lafresnaye's piculet (Picumnus lafresnayi),

    • Mountain parakeet (Psilopsiagon aurifrons),

    • Red-masked parakeet (Aratinga erythrogenys) (Fig. 32),

    • rock pigeon (Columba livia), and

    • gray heron (Ardea cinerea).

  2. Reptiles, such as the coral snake (Micrurus tschudii), and

  3. Mammals, such as

    • squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis),

    • Peruvian desert fox (Pseudalopex sechurae),

    • white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),

    • Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus colocolo),

    • cougar, or mountain lion (Puma concolor), and

    • collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu).

(a)
(b)
Fig. 32   (a) white-winged guan (Penelope albipennis), and (b) red-masked parakeet (Aratinga erythrogenys)
(Source: Google and Wikipedia).

The La Calzada reservoir site is located at the confluence of the La Leche river with Quebrada Cincate, near the hamlet of Mochumi Viejo (Fig. 33). The site, currently subject to intensive farming, would be flooded by the reservoir.

Fig. 33   La Calzada reservoir site.

The Calicantro reservoir site is located at Rinconada Calicantro, immediately north of the La Leche river, about 11 km downstream of La Calzada (Fig. 34). The landscape consists of a broad alluvial plain flanked by the Calicantro and Hualtaco hills to the east and west, respectively. (The latter has been named here Hualtaco due to the significant presence of this tree species). Calicantro hill peaks at 411 m, and Hualtaco hill peaks at 475 m. The Jahuay Negro and San Antonio hills enclose the Calicantro valley to the north. The quebrada or wash that drains the Calicantro valley into the La Leche river is Quebrada Hualtacal.

The characteristic floristic associations in Calicantro are the following:

  1. South American Sapote (Quararibea cordata) with yellow cordia (Cordia lutea),

  2. Carob tree (Prosopis pallida) with caper bush [vichayo] (Capparis ovalifolia), and

  3. Spruce hualtaco (Loxopterygium huasango) (Fig. 35) with Peruvian sage or Holy Wood (Bursera graveolens).

Fig. 34   The Calicantro damsite.

The spruce hualtaco-Peruvian sage association is prevalent on the surrounding hills, achieving its maximum density toward the northwest of the valley. Also found are the Mexican palo verde, or jellybean tree (Cercidium praecox) and the Peruvian cactus (Neoraimondia arequipensis), with an occasional presence of the white copal tree (Bursera jorullense).

Fig. 35   A hualtaco (Loxopterygium huasango) on a side hill of the Calicantro valley.

The representative fauna of the Calicantro valley are the following:

  • 1. Birds, such as (Fig. 36)

    • Vulture (Coragyps atratus),

    • aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis),

    • common black-hawk (Buteogallus sp.),

    • red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis),

    • mountain parakeet (Psilopsiagon aurifrons), and

    • white-edged oriole (Icterus graceannae).

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 36   (a) aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis), (b) red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis),
(c) mountain parakeet (Psilopsiagon aurifrons), and (d) white-edged oriole (Icterus graceannae)
(Source: Wikipedia and Google).

  • 2. Reptiles, such as

    • Coral snake (Micrurus tschudii), and

    • Iguana lizard (Iguana iguana)

  • 3. Mammals, such as

    • Peruvian desert fox (Pseudalopex sechurae),

    • white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),

    • Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus colocolo),

    • cougar, or mountain lion (Puma concolor),

    • collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu),

    • opossum (Didelphis marsupialis),

    • Northern anteater (Tamandua mexicana), and

    • spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).

A special anthropogenic feature of the Calicantro valley is the ancient wall or parapet, of height that may have reached 3 m in the past, which extends across the lower valley in a direction perpendicular to the prevailing drainage. The wall continues on the hills, particularly on Hualtaco hill, suggesting a defensive purpose. The planned Calicantro reservoir would flood the wall and result in its disappearance.

5.2   Habitats

The study area has the following distinct habitats:

  1. Floodplain habitat,

  2. Riparian habitat,

  3. Hilly habitat,

  4. Fiord habitat,

  5. Montane habitat, and

  6. Rupicola habitat.

The representative fauna is that corresponding to a dry tropical forest.

The floodplain habitat is present in the floodplain of the La Leche river (Fig. 37). The floodplain forests consist of understorey and tall canopy, with characteristic xerophytic vegetation. The understorey contains grasses and several shrubs, among them, the caper bush (Capparis ovalifolia), the pearlberry (Vallesia glabra), and the yellow cordia (Cordia lutea). Reptiles and mammals inhabit the understorey, and its soil supports numerous bird species. The lianas ascend to the top of the algarrobo trees, forming dense cupulas.

Fig. 37   Floodplain habitat: the Pomac Forest.

The riparian habitat is present along the banks of the La Leche river and its tributaries (Fig. 38). It contains species that satisfy their evapotranspiration needs by pumping water from the ground. The elements of this habitat, also referred to as "gallery forest," are characteristically tall and evergreen. A typical specimen is the weeping willow (Salix xsepulcralis).

Fig. 38   Riparian habitat on the left bank of La Leche river at Pomac Forest, with a weeping willow (Salix xsepulcralis) in the foreground.

The hilly habitat is present in hilly areas, where terrain slopes are greater than 10 percent (Fig. 39). The predominant vegetation is represented by xerophytic shrubs and the cactaceae family, among them, notably, the Peruvian cactus (Neoraimondia arequipensis).

Fig. 39   Hilly habitat adjoining the La Leche river valley downstream of La Calzada.

The fiord habitat is present in specific areas, where the local geomorphology is conducive to greater soil moisture, resembling the fiords of the countries of the Northern Hemisphere (Fig. 40). The representative flora are bromelias, cactaceae, and pitahayas.

Fig. 40   Fiord habitat in the La Leche watershed.

The montane habitat is present in areas with mountainous relief, where terrain slopes are greater than thirty percent (Fig. 41). Precipitation is spread more or less evenly throughout the year; consequently, the relative humidity is high. The representative species are bromelias, orchids, and prostrate ferns, which find support on the larger tree canopy.

Fig. 41   Montane habitat in the Moyan watershed near Cerro Reloj.

The rupicola habitat is restricted to the top or side of rocks, or rocky terrain, or in areas with vertical terrain slopes, where the soil substrate is almost nonexistent (Fig. 42). This is the habitat of the bromelias (Bromelia sp.), the strawberry pear (Hylocereus undatus), and other small shrubs.

Fig. 42   Rupicola habitat in the Moyan watershed near Cerro Lajas, showing a group of bromelias in the foreground.

5.3   Migration

Faunal migration is related to the spatial and temporal variation of the seasons, since climate significantly influences the vegetative cycles. During droughts, the fauna migrates from the drier to the wetter ecosystems, i.e., from the hilly to the montane, looking for food and water. Likewise, El Niño events, and its related La Niña, also produce faunal migrations. The megafauna is the most dynamic of all. The spectacled bear moves into Rinconada Calicantro, changing its diet to feed on local cattle. The mountain cats, deer, foxes, anteaters, parrots, and guan [pava aliblanca] also move around following food (fruits) and water. The birds ascend from the floodplain to the hills. The reptiles remain or move where solar radiation is optimal. For instance, the iguanas and pacasos do not ascend to the montane forest ecosystems, because of the lower temperatures.

5.4   Natural reserve areas

The natural reserve areas of the La Leche basin are the following:

  1. Historic Sanctuary of the Pomac Forest, and

  2. Widlife Refuge of Laquipampa.

The Historic Sanctuary of the Pomac Forest is located in the floodplain ecosystem surrounding the La Leche river in its lower course, at a mean elevation of 80 m above mean sea level (Fig. 43). The sanctuary was created on June 3, 2001. It occupies an area of 5,887 ha in the province of Ferreñafe, department of Lambayeque.

The sanctuary includes several ancient ceremonial sites, of rich archaeological value. These sites have been traced to the Sicán culture, which inhabited the area starting in 750 A.D., and reached its maximum splendor in the period 900-1100 A.D. The edifications, known locally as "huacas," comprise more than twenty (20) pyramids of adobe and mud, covering an area of 45 km2. Notably among the huacas are Botija, Colorada, Ingenieros, Loro (El Oro), Merced, Sontillo, Abejas, La Ventana, Rodillona, and El Mirador.

Fig. 43   The Pomac Forest, with an ancient pyramid (huaca) to the left and La Leche river to the right (photo taken from Huaca El Mirador).

The Pomac sanctuary houses a very dense dry tropical forest, featuring xerophytic trees, notably the carob tree (Prosopis pallida), the South American sapote (Capparis scabrida), and the acacia (Acacia macracantha), together with shrub associations of pearlberry (Vallesia glabra), caper bush (Capparis ovalifolia), yellow cordia (Cordia lutea) and inga excelsa (Pithecellobium excelsum), in association with the strawberry tree (Muntingia calabura) (Fig. 44).

Fig. 44   Inside the Pomac Forest.

Four distinct vegetal units have been identified in the Pomac forest:

  1. A Propopis forest, where the carob tree predominates over the sapote (more than 90 percent carob),

  2. A Prosopis-Capparis forest, where the carob and sapote coexist more or less on equal terms,

  3. A Capparis forest, where the sapote predominates over the carob (more than 70 percent sapote), and

  4. A chaparral forest, in marginal areas transitional to the adjoining desert.

The Wildlife Refuge of Laquipampa is located in a premontane and montane zone of the La Leche river basin, with maximum altitudes of 2,800 m above mean sea level. The refuge was created on July 11, 2006, with aim to conserve a representative sample of the dry tropical montane forest and to protect the habitat of endemic species such as the white-winged guan (Penelope albipennis). It occupies an area of 8,328 ha in the district of Incahuasi, province of Ferreñafe, department of Lambayeque. The reserve area begins at Higueron, near the confluence of the Moyan and Sangana rivers, and follows the course of the Moyan, upstream up to the hamlet of Laquipampa, at 900 m elevation.

The representative flora of the refuge are the following tree species: Peruvian sage or Holy wood (Bursera graveolens), Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura), spruce hualtaco (Loxopterygium huasango), pasayo (Eryotheca ruizii), ficus (Ficus citrifolia), palo blanco (Celtis triflora), maloxo (Pithecellobium multiflorum), frejolillo (Erythrina smithiana). Typical shrubs are the yellow cordia (Cordia lutea) and caña brava (Ginerium sagittatum). Cactaceae include the Peruvian cactus (Neoraimondia arequipensis) and the melon cactus (Melocactus peruvianus). The area features island hills, such as Cerro Lajas de Tongón and Cerro Nuevo Mundo, and several important colluvia (Fig. 45).

Fig. 45   Active colluvium in the Laquipampa refuge.

The wildlife refuge protects the habitat of the white-winged guan (Penelope albipennis), which has been listed as critically endangered (CE) (Section 5.6). It is also the habitat of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), the Northern anteater (Tamandua mexicana) (Fig. 46), the Andean mountain cat (Oreailurus colocolo), the mountain lion (Puma concolor), and the dynamic collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), which always roam in large groups.

Fig. 46   Northern anteater (Tamandua mexicana) (Source: Google).

5.5   Swamp and wetlands

The study area is transversed by the Moyan and Sangana rivers, which join to form the La Leche river. These rivers are all perennial. The Laquipampa refuge features a few waterfalls (Catarata Lajas). The entire drainage basin is exorheic, with absence of significant swamps and wetlands.

5.6   Endangered species

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) publishes the Red List of Threatened Species (2009.1) (http://www.iucmredlist.org). The list divides species in seven extinction risk categories:

  1. Least Concern (LC)

  2. Near Threatened (NT)

  3. Vulnerable (VU)

  4. Endangered (EN)

  5. Critically Endangered (CR)

  6. Extinct in the Wild (EW)

  7. Extinct (EX)

The threatened categories are VU, EN, and CR, as shown in Fig. 47. Table 6 lists the conservation status of faunal species identified in this study. Table 7 lists the conservation status of floral species identified in this study.

Fig. 47   Extinction risk and threatened categories (Source: IUCN).


Table 6.   Conservation status of faunal species identified in this study.
Class Common name Local name(s) Scientific name Status
Birds white-winged guan pava aliblanca Penelope albipennis CR [5]
Peruvian plantcutter cortarrama Phytotoma raimondii EN [4]
rufous flycatcher copetón rufo Myiarchus semirufus EN [4]
red-masked parakeet loro de máscara roja Aratinga erythrogenys NT [2]
Tumbes tyrant tirano de Tumbes Tumbezia salvini NT [2]
aplomado falcon halcón aplomado Falco femoralis LC [1]
black-faced ibis bandurria Theristicus melanopis LC [1]
common black-hawk gavilán Buteogallus anthracinus LC [1]
gray heron garza real Ardea cinerea LC [1]
Harris' hawk gavilán acanelado Parabuteo unicinctus LC [1]
Lafresnaye's piculet pájaro carpintero Picumnus lafresnayi LC [1]
long-tailed mockingbird chisco Mimus longicaudatus LC [1]
mountain parakeet lorito montano verde esmeralda Psilopsiagon aurifrons LC [1]
pale-legged hornero chilala Furnarius leucopus LC [1]
Peruvian meadowlark triguero de pecho rojo Sturnella bellicosa LC [1]
Peruvian thick-knee huerequeque Burhinus superciliaris LC [1]
red-tailed hawk guaraguao colirrojo Buteo jamaicensis LC [1]
rock pigeon paloma Columba livia LC [1]
Tumbes swallow golondrina de Tumbes Tachycineta stolzmanni LC [1]
Vulture buitre Coragyps atratus LC [1]
white-edged oriole chiroque Icterus graceannae LC [1]

Table 6.   Continued.
Class Common name Local name(s) Scientific name Status
Reptiles coral snake coralillo Micrurus tschudii NE [0]
iguana lizard iguana Iguana iguana NE [0]
leopard lizard pacaso Callopistes flavipunctatus NE [0]
Mammals spectacled bear oso de anteojos Tremarctos ornatus VN [3]
Peruvian desert fox zorro costeño peruano Pseudalopex sechurae NT [2]
mountain lion puma Puma concolor LC [1]
northern anteater oso hormiguero Tamandua mexicana LC [1]
opossum comadreja Didelphis marsupialis LC [1]
squirrel ardilla Spermophilus lateralis LC [1]
white-tailed deer venado cola blanca Odocoileus virginianus LC [1]
Andean mountain cat gato montés andino Oreailurus colocolo NE [0]
collared peccary sajino Tayassu tajacu NE [0]


Table 7.   Conservation status of floral species identified in this study.
Type/
family 		Common name Local name(s) Scientific name Status
Trees Andean walnut nogal andino Juglans neotropica EN [4]
balsa palo de balsa Ochroma pyramidale NE [0]
carob tree algarrobo Prosopis pallida NE [0]
frejolillo huayrul Erythrina smithiana NE [0]
horse-eye bean huayruro Ormosia coccinea NE [0]
jellybean palo verde Cercidium praecox NE [0]
lipstick achiote Bixa Orellana NE [0]
maloxo angolo Pithecellobium multiflorum NE [0]
Mexican palo verde látigo de Cristo Parkinsonia aculeata NE [0]
palo blanco palo blanco Calycophyllum multiflorum NE [0]
pasayo pasayo Eryotheca ruizii NE [0]
Peruvian sage palo santo Bursera graveolens NE [0]
porknut faique Acacia macracantha NE [0]
sandbox catahua Hura crepitans NE [0]
South American sapote sapote Capparis scabrida NE [0]
spruce hualtaco hualtaco Loxopterygium huasango NE [0]
ficus higuerón Ficus citrifolia NE [0]
strawberry tree cerecillo Muntingia calabura NE [0]
weeping willow sauce llorón Salix xsepulcralis NE [0]
white copal papelillo Bursera jorullense NE [0]

Table 7.   Continued.
Type/
family 		Common name Local name(s) Scientific name Status
Shrubs caper bush vichayo Capparis ovalifolia NE [0]
chope chope Gustavia iquitosensis NE [0]
inga excelsa chaquiro Pithecellobium excelsum NE [0]
pearlberry cuncuno Vallesia glabra NE [0]
yellow cordia overo Cordia lutea NE [0]
Cactaceae melon cactus cactácea ovoide Melocactus peruvianus NE [0]
Peruvian cactus cactácea columnar Neoraimondia arequipensis NE [0]
strawberry pear pitahaya Hylocereus undatus NE [0]
Poaceae caña brava caña brava Gynerium sagittatum NE [0]


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